Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Volume 38, Issue 4 , Pages 346-355 , June 2010

Posttraumatic stress disorder's role in integrated substance dependence and depression treatment outcomes

  • Sonya B. Norman, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
    • Psychiatry Department, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
    • VA Center of Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
  • ,
  • Susan R. Tate, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
    • Psychiatry Department, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
  • ,
  • Kendall C. Wilkins, B.A.

      Affiliations

    • San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
  • ,
  • Kevin Cummins, M.S.

      Affiliations

    • Psychology Department, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
  • ,
  • Sandra A. Brown, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
    • Psychiatry Department, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
    • Psychology Department, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161, USA. Tel.: +1 858 822 1887.

Received 4 August 2009 ,Revised 11 January 2010 ,Accepted 22 January 2010.

References 

  1. Back SE, Brady KT, Sonne SC, Verduin ML. Symptom improvement co-occurring PTSD and alcohol dependence. J. Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194:690–696
  2. Back SE, Brady KT, Jaanimagi U, Jackson J. Cocaine dependence and PTSD: Symptom interplay and treatment preferences. Addictive Behaviors. 2006;31:351–354
  3. Blanchard EB, Buckley TC, Hickling EJ, Taylor AE. Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid major depression: Is the correlation an illusion?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1998;12:21–37
  4. Brady KT, Dansky BS, Back SE, Foa EB, Carroll KM. Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: Preliminary findings. Journal Substance Abuse Treatment. 2001;21:47–54
  5. Brady KT, Killeen T, Saladin ME, Dansky B, Becker S. Comorbid substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder: Characteristics of women in treatment. American Journal of Addictions. 1994;3:160–164
  6. Brown SA, Glasner SV, Tate SR, McQuaid JR, Chalekian J, Granholm E. Integrated cognitive behavioral therapy versus twelve step facilitation therapy for substance dependent adults with depressive disorders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2006;38(4):449–460
  7. Brown PJ, Recupero PR, Stout R. PTSD substance abuse comorbidity and treatment utilization. Addictive Behavior. 1995;20:251–254
  8. Brown PJ, Stout R, Gannon-Rowley J. Substance use disorder—PTSD comorbidity: Patients' perceptions of symptom interplay and treatment issues. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1998;14:1–4
  9. Brown PJ, Stout RL, Mueller RL. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse relapse among women: A pilot study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 1996;10(2):124–128
  10. Cacciola JS, Koppenhaver JM, Alterman AI, McKay JR. Posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychopathology in substance abusing patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2009;101:27–33
  11. Campbell DG, Felker BL, Liu CF, Yano EM, Kirchner JE, Chan D, et al. Prevalence of depression–PTSD comorbidity: Implications for clinical practice guidelines and primary care-based interventions. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2007;22:711–718
  12. Carey K, Carey MP, Maisto S, Henson J. Temporal stability of the timeline followback interview for alcohol and drug use with psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 2004;65:774–781
  13. Carlier IV, Voerman BE, Gersons BP. Intrusive traumatic recollections and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder in depressed patients. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2000;62:26–32
  14. Chilcoat HD, Breslau N. Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Addictive Behavior. 1998;23:827–840
  15. Cocozza JJ, Jackson EW, Hennigan K, Morrissey JP, Reed BG, Fallot R, et al. Outcomes for women with co-occurring disorders and trauma: Program-level effects. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2005;28:109–119
  16. Darves-Bornoz J, Alonso J, Girolamo G, Graff R, Haro J, Kovess-Masfety V, et al. Main traumatic events in Europe: PTSD in the European study of the epidemiology of mental disorders survey. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2008;21:455–462
  17. Drapkin ML, Tate SR, McQuaid JR, Brown SA. Does initial treatment focus influence outcomes for depressed substance abusers?. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008;35:343–350
  18. Driessen M, Schulte S, Luedecke C, Schaefer I, Sutmann F, Ohlmeier M, et al. Trauma and PTSD in patients with alcohol, drug, or dual dependence: A multicenter study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2008;32:481–488
  19. Frees EW. Longitudinal and panel data: Analysis and applications in the social sciences. New York: Cambridge Unviersity Press; 2004;
  20. Foa EB, Hembree EA, Cahill SP, Rauch SA, Riggs DS, Feeny NC, et al. Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2005;73:953–964
  21. Goldman LS. Medical illness in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999;60:10–15
  22. Goodman LA, Rosenberg SD, Mueser KT, Drake RE. Physical and sexual assault history in women with serious mental illness: Prevalence, correlates, treatment, and future research directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1997;23(4):685–696
  23. Grant BF. Comorbidity between DSM-IV drug use disorders and major depression: Results of a national survey of adults. Journal of Substance Abuse. 1995;7:481–497
  24. Grant BF, Harford TC. Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol use disorders and major depression: Results of a national survey. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 1995;39:197–206
  25. Green BL, Krupnick JL, Chung J, Siddique J, Krause ED, Revicki D, et al. Impact of PTSD comorbidity on one-year outcomes in a depression trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2006;62:815–835
  26. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62
  27. Hankin CS, Spiro A, Miller DR, Kazis L. Mental disorders and mental health treatment among US department of veterans affairs outpatients: The veterans health study. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;156:1924–1930
  28. Hegel MT, Unutzer J, Tang L, Arean PA, Katon W, Hitchcock P, et al. Impact of comorbid panic and posttraumatic stress disorder on outcomes of collarborative care for late-life depression in primary care. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2005;13:48–58
  29. Hien DA, Cohen LR, Miele GM, Litt LC, Capstick C. Promising treatments for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004;161:1426–1432
  30. Hien DA, Jiang H, Campbell AN, Hu MC, Miele GM, Cohen LR, et al. American journal of Psychiatry. 2009;(Epub ahead of press)
  31. Holtzheimer PE, Russo J, Zatzick D, Bundy C, Roy-Byrne PP. The impact of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder on short-term outcome in hospitalized patients with depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;162:970–976
  32. Kadden K, Carroll K, Donovan D, Cooney N, Monti P, Abrams D, et al. In: Cognitive–Behavioral coping skills therapy manual. Project MATCH, NIAAA, NIH; 1994;p. 94–3724
  33. Kessler R, Chiu W, Demler O, Walters E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–627
  34. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995;52:1048–1060
  35. Lydecker K. P., Tate S. R., Cummins K. M., McQuaid J., Granholm E., & Brown S. A. (in press). Clinical outcomes of an integrated treatment for depression and substance use disorders. Psychology of Addictive Disorders.
  36. Mollica RF, Caridad KR, Massagli MP. Longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and changes in traumatic memories over time in Bosnian refugees. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease. 2007;195:572–579
  37. Monson CM, Schnurr PP, Resick PA, Friedman MJ, Young-Xu Y, Stevens SP. Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2006;74:898–907
  38. Munoz RF, Miranda J. Group therapy manual for cognitive–behavioral treatment of depression. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 1996;
  39. Najavits LM, Gastfriend DR, Barber JP, Reif S, Muenz LR, Blaine J, et al. Cocaine dependence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder among subjects in the NIDA Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:214–219
  40. Najavits LM, Ryngala D, Back SE, Bolton E, Mueser KT, Brady KT. Treatment for PTSD and comorbid disorders: A review of the literature. In: Foa EB, Keane TM,  Friedman MJ,  Cohen J editor. Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. 2nd ed.. New York: Guilford; 2008;
  41. Najavits LM, Schmitz M, Gotthardt S, Weiss RD. Seeking Safety plus exposure therapy: An outcome study on dual diagnosis men. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2005;37:425–435
  42. Najavits LM, Weiss RD, Shaw SR. The link between substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A research review. American Journal on Addictions. 1997;6:273–283
  43. Norman SB, Inaba RK, Smith TL, Brown SA. Development of the PTSD–alcohol expectancy questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors. 2008;33:841–847
  44. Norman SB, Tate SR, Anderson KG, Brown SA. Do trauma history and PTSD symptoms influence addiction relapse context?. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;33(1):25–32
  45. Nowinski J, Baker S, Carroll K. In: Twelve Step facilitation therapy manual. Project MATCH. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 1994;p. 94–3722
  46. Ouimette P, Brown PJ. Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press; 2002;
  47. Ouimette P, Moos RH, Finney JW. PTSD treatment and 5-year remission among patients with substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003;71:410–414
  48. Ouimette PC, Brown PJ, Najavits LM. Course and treatment of patients with both substance use and posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors. 1998;23:785–795
  49. Patterson K, Tate S, McQuaid J, Granholm E, Drapkin M, Brown S. Treatment outcomes of integrated CBT for depressed substance-dependent veterans. In: Poster presented at the 115th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. 2007;
  50. Rawson RA, Huber A, McCann M, Shoptaw S, Farabee D, Reiber C, et al. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive–behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance treatment for cocaine dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:817–824
  51. Reed V, Gander F, Pfister H, Steiger A, Sonntag H, Trenkwalder C, et al. To what degree does the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) correctly identify DSM-IV disorders? Testing validity issues in a clinical sample. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1998;7:142–155
  52. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, Locke BZ, Keith SJ, Judd LL, et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990;264:2511–2518
  53. Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Best CL, Kramer TL. Vulnerability–Stress factors in development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1992;180:424–430
  54. Riggs DS, Foa EB. Treatment for co-morbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. In:  Stewart SH,  Conrod PJ editor. Anxiety and substance use disorders. New York: Springer; 2008;p. 119–137
  55. Riggs DS, Pai A, Volpicelli J, Imms P, Foa EB. Patterns of change in PTSD and alcohol cravings in patients treated for co-morbid PTSD and alcohol dependence. In:  Coffey S editors. Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: Symptom covariation, functional associations, and treatment implications. Symposium conducted at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Convention of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans, LA. 2004;
  56. Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen HU, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, et al. The composite international diagnostic interview. An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1988;45:1069–1077
  57. Rosenberg SD, Mueser KT, Friedman MJ, Gorman PG, Drake RE, Vidaver RM, et al. Developing effective treatments for posttraumatic disorders among people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services. 2001;52(11):1453–1461
  58. Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, Foa EB, Shea T, Chow BK. Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007;297:820–830
  59. Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T, Brandes D, Sahar T, Orr SP, et al. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998;155:630–637
  60. Smith ML, Glass GV. Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist. 1977;32:752–760
  61. Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. In:  Litten RL,  Allen JP editor. Measuring alcohol consumption, psychosocial and biochemical methods. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1992;p. 41–72
  62. Stata Corporation . Stata Statistical Software: Release 10.1. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation; 2005;
  63. Stewart S, Conrod PJ, Samoluk SB, Pihl RO, Dongier M. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and situation-specific drinking in women substance abusers. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly. 2000;18:31–47
  64. Tate SR, Brown SA, Unrod M, Ramo D. Context of relapse for substance-dependent adults with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;29:1707–1724
  65. Tate SR, Norman SB, McQuaid JR, Brown SA. Health problems of substance-dependent veterans with and those without trauma history. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2007;33(1):25–32
  66. Tomlinsen KL, Tate SR, Anderson KG, McCarthy DM, Brown SA. An examination of self-medication and rebound effects: Psychiatric symptomatology before and after alcohol and drug relapse. Addictive Behaviors. 2006;31:461–474
  67. Triffleman E, Carroll K, Kellogg S. Substance dependence posttraumatic stress disorder therapy: An integrated cognitive–behavioral approach. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1999;17:3–14
  68. VHA Handbook 1160.01 . Uniform Mental Health Services in VA Medical Centers and Clinics. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration; 2008;
  69. West BT, Welch KB, Galecki AT. Linear mixed models: A practical guide to using statistical software. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall; 2007;
  70. Willenbring ML. Measurement of depression in alcoholics. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1986;47:367–372
  71. Wittchen H-U. Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): A critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1994;28:57–84

PII: S0740-5472(10)00030-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.01.013

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Volume 38, Issue 4 , Pages 346-355 , June 2010