Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Volume 36, Issue 3 , Pages 252-264 , April 2009

Exposure to Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach treatment procedures as a mediator of the relationship between adolescent substance abuse treatment retention and outcome

  • Bryan R. Garner, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Chestnut Health Systems, 720 W. Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Chestnut Health Systems, 720 W. Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA. Tel.: +1 309 827 6026; fax: +1 309 829 4661.
    • ,
  • Susan H. Godley, Rh.D.

      Affiliations

    • Chestnut Health Systems, 720 W. Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
    • ,
  • Rodney R. Funk, B.S.

      Affiliations

    • Chestnut Health Systems, 720 W. Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
    • ,
  • Michael L. Dennis, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Chestnut Health Systems, 720 W. Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
    • ,
  • Jane Ellen Smith, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, MSC03 2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
    • ,
  • Mark D. Godley, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Chestnut Health Systems, 720 W. Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA

Received 11 February 2008 ,Revised 13 June 2008 ,Accepted 22 June 2008.

References 

  1. Anderson JC, Gerbing DW. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin. 1988;103:411–423
  2. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173–1182
  3. Battjes RJ, Gordon MS, O'Grady KE, Kinlock TW. Predicting retention of adolescents in substance abuse treatment. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;29:1021–1027
  4. Bentler PM. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin. 1990;107:238–246
  5. Biggs D, De Ville B, Suen E. A method of choosing multiway partitions for classification and decision trees. Journal of Applied Statistics. 1991;18:49–62
  6. Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research. 1993;21:230–258
  7. Bunch L, Hamilton N, Tims F, Angelovich N, McDougall B. CYT: A multi-site study of the effectiveness of treatment for cannabis dependant youth, Family Support Network. St. Petersburg,: FL7 Operation PAR, Inc; 1998;
  8. Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, application, and programming. Mahwah, NJ:: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2001;
  9. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1960;20:37–46
  10. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ:: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2003;
  11. Condelli WS, De Leon G. Fixed and dynamic predictors of client retention in therapeutic communities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1993;10:11–16
  12. Dane AV, Schneider BH. Program integrity in primary and early secondary prevention: Are implementation effects out of control?. Clinical Psychology Review. 1998;18:23–45
  13. Dennis ML, Babor TF, Roebuck MC, Donaldson J. Changing the focus: The case for recognizing and treatment cannabis use disorders. Addiction. 2002;97:S4–S15
  14. Dennis ML, Titus JC, White MK, Unsicker J, Hodgkins D. Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN): Administration guide for the GAIN and related measures. Version 5. Bloomington, IL:: Chestnut Health Systems; 2003;
  15. Dennis ML, Godley SH, Diamond GS, Tims FM, Babor T, Donaldson J, et al. The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: Main findings from two randomized trials. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2004;27:197–213
  16. Dennis ML, Chan YF, Funk RR. Development and validation of the GAIN Short Screener (GSS) for internalizing, externalizing, and substance use disorders and crime/violence problems among adolescents and adults. American Journal and Addictions. 2006;15:80–91
  17. Dennis ML, Ives ML, White MK, Muck RD. The Strengthening Communities for Youth (SCY) initiative: A cluster analysis of the services received, their correlates, and how they are associated with outcomes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2008;40:3–16
  18. Dudley RA. Pay-for-performance research: How to learn what clinicians and policy makers need to know. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2005;294:1821–1823
  19. Friedman AS, Glickman NW, Morrissey MR. Prediction to successful treatment outcome by client characteristics and retention in treatment in adolescent drug treatment programs: A large-scale cross validation study. Journal of Drug Education. 1986;16:149–165
  20. Garner BR, Godley MD, Funk RR, Dennis ML, Godley SH. The impact of continuing care adherence on environmental risks, substance use and substance-related problems following adolescent residential treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2007;21(4):488–497
  21. Garnick DW, Horgan CM, Lee MT, Panas L, Ritter GA, Davis S, et al. Are Washington Circle performance measures associated with decreased criminal activity following treatment?. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2007;33:341–352
  22. Garnick DW, Lee MT, Chalk M, Gastfriend D, Horgan CM, McCorry F, et al. Establishing the feasibility of performance measures for alcohol and other drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002;23:375–385
  23. Godley MD. Effectiveness of Assertive Continuing Care and Contingency Management with Adolescents (ACC2). 2003;Grant funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 2 R01 AA10368-06A2
  24. Godley MD, Godley SH, Dennis ML, Funk RR, Passetti LL. Preliminary outcomes from the assertive continuing care experiment for adolescents discharged from residential treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2002;23:21–32
  25. Godley MD, Godley SH, Dennis ML, Funk RR, Passetti LL. The effect of Assertive Continuing Care on continuing care linkage, adherence, and abstinence following residential treatment for adolescents with substance use disorders. Addiction. 2007;102:81–93
  26. Godley SH, Godley MD, Karvinen T, Slown LL, Wright KL. The assertive continuing care protocol: A clinicians' manual for working with adolescents after residential treatment for alcohol and other substance use disorders. 2nd ed. Bloomington, IL:: Chestnut Health Systems; 2006;
  27. Godley SH. Adolescent Outpatient and Continuing Care Study (AOCCS). 2004;Grant funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 1 R01 DA 018183
  28. Godley SH, Meyers RJ, Smith JE, Godley MD, Titus JC, Karvinen T, et al. Cannabis youth treatment series volume 4: The adolescent community reinforcement approach (DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 01-3489). Rockville, MD:: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2001;
  29. Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D, Kidd T. The National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS): 4–5 year follow-up results. Addiction. 2003;98:291–303
  30. Grella CE, Joshi V, Hser YI. Effects of comorbidity on treatment processes and outcomes among adolescents in drug treatment programs. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse. 2004;13:13–31
  31. Grella CE, Wugalter SE, Anglin MD. Predictors of treatment retention in enhanced and standard methadone maintenance treatment for HIV risk reduction. Journal of Drug Issues. 1997;27:203–224
  32. Hser YI, Grella CE, Hubbard RL, Hsieh SC, Fletcher BW, Brown BS, et al. An evaluation of drug treatments for adolescents in four U.S. cities. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001;58:689–695
  33. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999;6:1–55
  34. Hubbard RL, Craddock SG, Anderson J. Overview of 5-year followup outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS). Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2003;25:125–134
  35. Institute of Medicine (IOM) . Rewarding provider performance: Aligning incentives in Medicare. Washington, DC:: National Academy Press; 2007;
  36. Joe GW, Simpson DD, Broome KM. Retention and patient engagement models for different treatment modalities in DATOS. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1999;57:113–125
  37. Kazdin AE, Nock MK. Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: Methodological issues and research recommendations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2003;44:1116–1129
  38. Kraemer HC, Wilson T, Fairburn CG, Agras WS. Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002;59:877–883
  39. Lang MA, Belenko S. Predicting retention in a residential drug treatment alternative to prison program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000;19:145–160
  40. Lennox R, Dennis ML, Ives M, White MK. The construct and predictive validity of different approaches to combining urine and self-reported drug use measures among older adolescents after substance abuse treatment. American Journal on Addictions. 2006;15:92–101
  41. McCarty D, Gustafson DH, Wisdom JP, Ford J, Choi D, Molfenter T, et al. The Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx): Enhancing access and retention. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2007;88:138–145
  42. McClellan AT, Woody GE, Mezger D, McKay J, Durell J, Alterman AI, et al. Evaluating the effectiveness of addiction treatments: Reasonable expectations, appropriate comparisons. The Milbank Quarterly. 1996;74:51–85
  43. McClellan AT, Chalk M, Bartlett J. Outcomes, performance, and quality—What's the difference?. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2007;32:331–340
  44. McCorry F, Garnick DW, Bartlett J, Cotter F, Chalk M. Developing performance measures for alcohol and other drug services in managed care plans. Journal on Quality Improvement. 2000;26:633–643
  45. Messer SB, Wampold BE. Let's face facts: Common factors are more potent than specific therapy ingredients. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2002;9:21–25
  46. Miller S, Binder J. The effects of manual based training on treatment fidelity and outcome. Psychotherapy. 2002;39:184–198
  47. Orwin RG. Assessing program fidelity in substance abuse health services research. Addiction. 2000;95:S309–S328
  48. Pantalon MV, Chawarski MC, Falcioni J, Pakes J, Schottenfeld RS. Linking process and outcome in the Community Reinforcement Approach for treating cocaine dependence: A preliminary report. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2004;30:353–367
  49. Sampl S, Kadden R. Motivational Enhancement Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MET-CBT-5) for adolescent cannabis users. Rockville, MD7 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment,: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2001;
  50. Schmidt L, Rieckmann T, McCarty D, Svikis D, Roman P. State governments as environments for substance abuse practice innovations: Early observations from the Advancing Recovery Initiative. In: Presentation at the 2007 Addiction Health Services Research conference, Athens, GA. 2007, October;
  51. Shepard D, Calabro J, Love C, McKay J, Tetreault J, Yeom H. Counselor incentives to improve client retention in an outpatient substance abuse aftercare program. Administration Policy and Mental Health. 2006;33:629–635
  52. Simpson DD. The relation of time spent in drug abuse treatment to posttreatment outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979;136:1449–1453
  53. Simpson DD. Treatment for drug abuse: Follow-up outcomes and length of time spent. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1981;38:875–880
  54. Simpson DD. A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2004;27:99–121
  55. Simpson DD, Joe GW, Broome KM, Hiller ML, Knight K, Rowan-Szal GA. Program diversity and treatment retention rates in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 1997;11:279–293
  56. Simpson DD, Joe GW, Brown BS. Treatment retention and follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 1997;11:294–307
  57. Simpson DD, Joe GW, Rowan-Szal GA, Greener JM. Drug abuse treatment process components that improve retention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1997;14:565–572
  58. Simpson DD, Sells SB. Effectiveness of treatment for drug abuse: An overview of the DARP research program. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse. 1982;2:7–29
  59. Slesnick N, Prestopnik JL, Meyers RJ, Glassman M. Treatment outcome for street-living, homeless youth. Addictive Behaviors. 2007;32:1237–1251
  60. Stark MJ. Dropping out of substance abuse treatment: A clinically oriented review. Clinical Psychology Review. 1992;12:93–116
  61. Williams RJ, Chang SY. A comprehensive and comparative review of adolescent substance abuse treatment outcome. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2000;7:138–166

PII: S0740-5472(08)00101-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2008.06.007

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Volume 36, Issue 3 , Pages 252-264 , April 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution