Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Volume 34, Issue 1 , Pages 112-122 , January 2008

Modified therapeutic community for co-occurring disorders: A summary of four studies

  • Stanley Sacks, Ph.D

      Affiliations

    • Center for the Integration of Research and Practice (CIRP), National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), New York, NY 10010, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Center for the Integration of Research and Practice (CIRP), National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), New York, NY 10010, USA. Tel.: +1 212 845 4400; fax: +1 212 845 4650.
  • ,
  • Steven Banks, Ph.D

      Affiliations

    • University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
    • Tel.: +1 508 856 1784.
  • ,
  • Karen McKendrick, M.P.H.

      Affiliations

    • Center for the Integration of Research and Practice (CIRP), National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), New York, NY 10010, USA
    • Tel.: +1 212 845 4400; fax: +1 212 845 4650.
  • ,
  • JoAnn Y. Sacks, Ph.D

      Affiliations

    • Center for the Integration of Research and Practice (CIRP), National Development and Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), New York, NY 10010, USA
    • Tel.: +1 212 845 4400; fax: +1 212 845 4650.

Received 8 August 2006 ,Revised 1 February 2007 ,Accepted 2 February 2007.

References 

  1. Brown BS, Farrell E, Voskuhl TC. Case management. In:  Brown BS,  Farrell E,  Voskuhl TC editor. Manual for the Friends Care Program—A program of aftercare services for clients referred from the criminal justice system (revised). Baltimore, MD: Friends Research Institute; 1999;p. 31–48
  2. Brown BS, O'Grady KE, Battjes RJ, Farrell EV. Factors associated with treatment outcomes in an aftercare population. American Journal on Addictions. 2004;13:447–480
  3. Brown BS, O'Grady KE, Battjes RJ, Farrell EV, Smith MP, Nurco DN. Effectiveness of a stand-alone aftercare program for drug-involved offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2001;21:185–192
  4. Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS) . Cooperative agreements for an HIV/AIDS treatment adherence, health outcomes, and cost Study. With Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA), GFA No. SM 98.007, FCFDA No. 93.230. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)/CMHS; 1998;
  5. De Leon G. Modified therapeutic communities for co-occurring substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. In:  Solomon J,  Zimberg S,  Shollar E editor. Dual diagnosis: Evaluation, treatment, and training and program development. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1993;p. 137–156
  6. De Leon G. The therapeutic community: Theory, model and method. New York, NY: Springer Publishers; 2000;
  7. De Leon G, Schwartz S. The therapeutic community: What are the retention rates?. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1984;10:267–284
  8. De Leon G, Hawke J, Jainchill N, Melnick G. Therapeutic communities: Enhancing retention in treatment using “senior professor” staff. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000;19:1–8
  9. De Leon G, Sacks S, Staines G, McKendrick K. Modified therapeutic community for homeless MICAs: Treatment outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse. 2000;26:461–480
  10. Dennis ML. Overview of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) Grant No. TI 11320. Bloomington, IL: Chestnut Health Systems; 2000;Retrieved online 09/19/05 at http://www.chestnut.org/li/gain/gainoverview.html
  11. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. (1996). User’s Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM_IV Axis I Disorders_ Research Version (SCID_I, Version 2.0, February 1996 FINAL Version). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 W 168th Street, New York 10032.
  12. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Benjamin LS. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV AXIS II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 W 168th Street, New York 10032
  13. Harris M, Fallot R. Using trauma theory to design service systems. New directions for mental health services, 89. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass; 2001;
  14. Harris M, Fallot R, Holzapfel A, Mitchell C, Singleton K, Wolfson R. Trauma-informed addictions treatment. Washington, DC: Community Connections, Inc.; 2001;
  15. Hasin DS. Diagnostic interview for assessment: Background, reliability, validity. Alcohol Health and Research World. 1991;15:293–302
  16. Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Martin SS, Hooper RM. The importance of aftercare in a corrections-based treatment continuum. In:  Leukefeld CG,  Tims FM,  Farabee D editor. Treatment of drug offenders: Policies and issues. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company; 2002;p. 204–216
  17. Jerrell JM, Ridgely MS. Impact of robustness of program implementation on outcomes of clients in dual diagnosis programs. Psychiatric Services. 1999;50:109–112
  18. Magruder KM, Sonne SC, Brady KT, Quello S, Martin RH. Screening for co-occurring mental disorders in drug treatment populations. Journal of Drug Issues. 2005;193:658–664
  19. Robins L, Cottler L, Bucholz K, Compton W. Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV (DIS-IV). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Mental Health (NIMH); 1995;
  20. Ross HE, Swinson R, Doumani S, Larkin EJ. Diagnosing comorbidity in substance abusers: A comparison of the test–retest reliability of two interviews. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse. 1995;21:167–185
  21. Sacks S. TC-oriented supported housing for homeless MICAs: Final report. CMHS/CSAT Cooperative Demonstration Program for Homeless Individuals, Grant #1 UD3 SMTI51558-02, Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS)/Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). Rockville, MD: CIRP/NDRI; 1997;
  22. Sacks S. Integrated residential/aftercare TC for HIV/AIDS and comorbid disorders. Grant #1UD1-SM52403, Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS) with Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) HIV/AIDS Bureau, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), GFA No. SM 98.007, FCFDA No. 93.230, Cooperative Agreements for an HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence, Health Outcomes, and Cost Study. New York, NY: CIRP/NDRI; 1998;
  23. Sacks S, Sacks JY. (2005). Dual Assessment and Recovery Track (DART) for co-occurring disorders—Treatment manual. Grant 5 KD1 TI12553 Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)/Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) TI 00-002 (FDA No. 93.230) Grants for Evaluation of Outpatient Treatment Models for Persons with Co-occurring Substance Abuse & Mental Health Disorders (Co-occurring Disorders Study). Center for the Integration of Research & Practice (CIRP), National Development & Research Institutes, Inc. (NDRI), 71 West 23rd Street New York 10010.
  24. Sacks S, Sacks JY, De Leon G. Treatment for MICAs: Design and implementation of the modified TC. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (special edition). 1999;31:19–30
  25. Sacks S, Sacks JY, Stommel J. Modified TC for MICA inmates in correctional settings: A program description. Corrections Today. 2003;90–99
  26. Sacks S, De Leon G, Bernhardt AI, Sacks JY. A modified therapeutic community for homeless MICA clients. In:  De Leon G editors. Community-as-method: Therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.; 1997;
  27. Sacks S, De Leon G, Bernhardt AI, Sacks J. Modified therapeutic community for homeless MICA individuals: A treatment manual (revised). Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS)/Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) Grant #1UD3 SM/TI51558-01. New York, NY: NDRI; 1998;
  28. Sacks S, McKendrick K, Sacks JY, Banks S, Harle M. Enhanced outpatient treatment for co-occurring disorders: Main outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008;34:48–60
  29. Sacks S, Sacks JY, McKendrick K, Banks S, Stommel J. Modified TC for MICA offenders: Crime outcomes. Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2004;22:477–501
  30. Sciacca K. New initiatives in the treatment of the chronic patient with alcohol/substance abuse problems. TIE Lines. 1987–1988;4:5–6Article, revised in 1988, retrieved online 11-06-06 at http://users.erols.com/ksciacca/newinit.htm
  31. Sciacca K. An integrated treatment approach for severely mentally ill individuals with substance disorders. In:  Minkoff K,  Drake RE editor. Dual diagnosis of major mental illness and substance disorder. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.; 1992;p. 69–84
  32. Staines GL, McKendrick K, Perlis T, Sacks S, De Leon G. Sequential assignment and treatment-as-usual: Alternatives to standard experimental designs in field studies of treatment efficacy. Evaluation Review. 1999;23:47–76
  33. Wexler HK, Lipton DS. From REFORM to RECOVERY: Advances in prison drug treatment. In:  Inciardi JA editors. Drug treatment and criminal justice, sage criminal justice system annuals. Vol 27:Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc; 1993;p. 209–227
  34. Wexler HK, Melnick G, Lowe L, Peters J. Three-year reincarceration outcomes for Amity in-prison therapeutic community and aftercare in California. Prison Journal. 1999;79:312–336
  35. Wexler HK, Prendergast ML, Hall EA, Melnick G, Cao Y. Amity prison-based therapeutic community: 5 year outcomes. Prison Journal. 2004;84:36–60

PII: S0740-5472(07)00101-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.02.008

Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Volume 34, Issue 1 , Pages 112-122 , January 2008